Organ Transplant

Organ Transplant
1. Definition of organ transplants
Organ transplantation is the removal of organs from one human to another human being, such as hand removal, kidney, and heart. Transplantation is the removal of an organ or more than one man at her life, or after the die-to another human being.
2. The types of organ transplants
a. Autograft, ie transfer from one city to another within the body itself.
b. Allogaft, which migrates from one another the same body ketubuh spesiasnya.
c. Isogaft, which migrates from one body of another ketubuh identical, for example, in identical twins.
d. Xenograft, which migrates from one body to another body of different species.
3. Legal aspects of transplantation
In terms of law in Indonesia, transplantation of organs, tissues and cells of the body is seen as a noble thing in an effort to nourish and human welfare, although this is an act against the criminal laws have an exemption penganiayaan.tetapi criminal penalties, the act is no longer punishable offense, and can be justified.
In PP No.18 of 1981 regarding the clinical post-mortem, different anatomical body and transplant services and human tissue transplantation clauses listed as follows:



 Article 1
c. Human organs is a collection of network-jaringa body formed by several cell types and have a shape and physiology (function) untruk certain body
d. Network is a collection of cells that mmempunyai shape and physiology (function) of the same and given.
e. Transplantation is the medical course of action for the removal and or human tissue derived from the bodies of others in order to replace equipment and treatment or tissue that is not functioning properly.
f. Donors are people who donate equipment or tissue to another person for health purposes.
g. Death is the human condition which is believed by medical experts who
authorities that brain function, breathing, heart rate and or someone has stopped.
Paragraph g of the definition of death is less clear, the IDI in the fatwa sparked a national seminar on the subject of death is that a person is dead when the spontaneous respiratory function da heart has stopped definitively or irreversible, or proven to have occurred the death of the brain stem.
 Article 10
Transplantation of human organs and tissue dilaukan with regard to the provisions of a written consent must be patient or next of kin after the patient died.
 Article 11
1. Organ and tissue transplantation should only be performed by a doctor appointed by the Minister of Health.
2. Transpantasi tools and human tissue should not be performed by the treating physician or treating the donor in question.
 Article 12
Determination of dead time is determined by two doctors who do not have nothing to do with medical doctors who perform transplants.
 Article 13
Written approval as intended that is created on paper stamped with 2 (two) witnesses.
 Article 14
Retrieval tool or human tissue for transplant purposes or eye bank of accident victims who died, made with written approval by next of kin.
 Article 15
1. Prior to approval of equipment and transplantation of human tissue is given by living donors, potential donors are concerned first told by his doctors, including consultant doctors about the operation, result-akibatya, and the possibilities that occur.
2. The doctor referred to in paragraph (1) must make sure that potential donors are concerned have fully recognizes the significance of the notice.
 Article 16
Donor or donor family who died are not entitled in any material compensation in return for transplantation.
 Article 17
Forbidden to peddle copies of the tools or human tissue.
 Article 18
Prohibited from sending and receiving devices and networks and all forms of the human body to and from overseas.
Next in the Law No.23 year 1992 on the health of some of the origin of the transplant are listed as follows
 Article 33
1. . In the healing of illness and health recovery can be performed organ and tissue transplants, blood transfusions, imflan drugs and medical devices, as well as plastic surgery and reconstruction.
2. Organ and tissue transplantation and blood transfusion as referred to in paragraph (1) is done only for humanitarian purposes humanitarian prohibited for commercial purposes.
 Article 34
1. Transplantation of organs and tissue can only be done by health personnel who have the expertise and authority to do so and do certain health disarana.
2. The removal of organs and tissue from a donor must pay attention to the relevant donor health and there are heirs or family consent.
3. Provisions regarding the requirements and procedures of transplantation as referred to in subsection (1) and paragraph (2) stipulated by government regulation.
In global Shariah principles, considering organ transplantation is a demand, need and there is no alternative to modern medical dispute in the case of organ or tissue transplant bolehnya. In the Second National symposium on the question of "Organ Transplantation" which was organized by the National Kidney Foundation at the date 8 September 1995 at the arena PRJ Kemayoran, has signed an agreement, among others, representatives from the NT NU, Muhammadiyah, the MUI is approved also by the other representatives of various religious groups in Indonesia.
4. Ethical aspects of organ transplantation
Transplantation is a last-ditch effort to help a patient with failure of one of the functions of their organs. In terms of medical ethics of this act shall be performed if indicated, based in KODEKI, namely:
a. Article 2
A doctor should always perform their profession according to the highest measure.
b. Article 10
Each physician should always remember and its obligation to protect human life.
c. Article 11
Each physician is required to be single-minded and use all the knowledge and skills for the benefit of patients.
The articles about transplants in the PP. 18 of 1981, in its essence has covered aspects of ethics, regarding the prohibition peddle copies of the tool or tissue for transplant purposes or ask for material compensation.
Case Analysis of organ transplantation
Tn. C age of 45 years, had long suffered from kidney stones and kidney infections many times. Tn.C renal function gradually decreased progressively so that the doctor decided Tn.C must undergo dialysis every two times a week. Lately Tn.C began experiencing depression and his condition worsened after learning some dialysis patients who he knew had died. Tn.C began to feel he also will die within a not too long. On the basis that families find information about other alternatives to improve the condition of Mr. C. One of his relatives Mr. C who is a doctor advised Tn.C to perform organ transplants. After some time the family will get the information of people who would sell his kidney. Eventually the family decided to do the transplant organs from these donors. Doctors and peawat experience ethical dilemmas in taking this decision.
a. Identification of the moral (ethical) treatment-related
• Transplantation is a last resort weeks to help a patient with failure of one of the functions of their organs. In terms of medical ethics, this action shall dilkukan if there is an indication, based on several articles in KODEKI.
• But there are certain articles about translantasi in PP no. 18 th.1981, the contents have covered aspects of ethics, especially regarding the banning of menperjual traded organ transplant or ask for remedy purposes other material compensation.
• The existence of conflicts of interest, on the one hand nurses nd trasplantasi doctors must take action to maintain the living kidney organ tn. C but on the other hand, if the transplant organ in komersialkan not in accordance with Regulation no 18 of 1981 section 17.
b. Gather the facts relevant to the issue of ethics
The data are:
Mr. Health. C and donors, who are involved in decision-making organ transplants and motivational ideas each of them: Mr. C, Family Tn.C, surgeons and nurses.
c. Who decides to assign decision-making
Criteria:
 Decision organ transplant act done to Mr. C
 The decision was made upon mutual agreement between Mr. C and families, donors, doctors and nurses.
 Criteria to be used for decision making, namely:
1. Not endanger the survival of donor and recipient donor.
2. It should be done by the donors voluntarily without coercion and should not be traded
3. May be performed if it is really an alternative to transplantation as the only chance for cure of patients and true emergencies.
4. Chances of success may be performed if the transplant is very large.
d. Implementation of decisions
• At first doctors and nurses experienced ethical dilemma in taking the decision to approve the action of the renal organ transplants commercial (sale and purchase of organs) as opposed to PP No. 18 of 1981 section 17. However, due to deteriorating conditions Tn.C (critical) then the doctors and nurses make decisions to act in organ transplantation with a variety of considerations, namely:
- Tn.C condition worsened (in emergencies)
- The condition of the donor is in good condition and not life threatening.
- Opportunities successful kidney transplant organ is large enough.
e. Evaluation results
By looking at the above criteria, Doctors and Nurses agreed to perform actions to Tn.C organ transplants from organ donors who sells his kidney to save the life of Mr. C.